1 = Polar 2 = Gyre 3 = Western Boundary 4 = Eastern Boundary 5 = Equatorial 6 = Semienclosed 7 = Transition 1 (P) Polar (1) 7 (W) Westerlies=Transition (7) ( + Western Boundary (3)) 8 (T) Trade Winds=Gyre (2) + Equatorial (5) 9 (C) Coastal=Western Boundary (3) + Eastern Boundary (4) + Semienclosed Sea (6) Pelagic Provinces of the World (PPOW,Spalding et al./2012) has the four known major realms Northern Coldwater Realm Indo-Pacific Warmwater Realm Atlantic Warmwater Realm Southern Coldwater Realm strong connections to Longhurst !!! PPOW realm MEOW equivalent realms PW1 K NC Northern Coldwater Temperate Northern Atlantic Temperate Northern Pacific Arctic PW3 I PI Indo-Pacific Warmwater Central Indo-Pacific Western Indo-Pacific Eastern Indo-Pacific PW4 L AW Atlantic Warmwater Tropical Atlantic PW8 Q SC Southern Coldwater Southern Ocean Mesopelagic ecoregions https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=browser&id[]=29035&id[]=65990#focus Spalding et al. 2012, Ocean & Coastal Management; 37 pelagic https://rpubs.com/MRufino/world_biogeographic_regions https://data-gis.unep-wcmc.org/portal/home/item.html?id=80567b4443f4457b822f645a2f0d70cf https://wcmc.io/WCMC_036 Pelagic Provinces of the World (PPOW,Spalding et al./2012) — a global biogeographic classification of the world’s surface pelagic waters, structured into 4 realms, 7 biomes, and 37 pelagic provinces, and designed to align with / complement MEOW for off-shelf pelagic ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HLC Tree (PW Levels);HLC-M;HLC-X;HLC-S;REF-CODE;DESCRIPTION;DETAILS 899 (9);899|699;R9Q00;OD00|MES;OD00|LM;OD00 - MES ([large] Marine Eco-Systems); 899-8990 (9.0);8990;R9Q90;OD90|R90;OD90|KB;OD90 - Epipelagic (sunlight) - Photic Zone (O);surface (MSL) down to around 200 m 899-8990-8992 (9.2);8992;R9Q92;OD92|R92;OD92|UC;OD92 - Oceanic Epipelagic / pelagic waters (P);shelf edge --> open ocean (100 ~ 300 m) 899-8990-8992-10 (9.2.1);6949!;R9W10;PW10|MJx;PW10;PW10 - Northern Coldwater Realm (Arctic);-10 short for -6949 899-8990-8992-11 (9.2.1.1);6980!;R9W11;PW11;PW11;PW11 - Polar (Biom);-11 short for -6949-6980 899-8990-8992-11-7010;7010!;R9P01;PP01|BPLR;PW11-01;Arctic (Boreal Polar);{7942N,0535W} 899-8990-8992-12 (9.2.1.2);6981!;R9W12;PW12;PW12;PW12 - Gyre (Tradewinds);-12 short for -6949-6981 899-8990-8992-12-7020;7020!;R9P03;PP03;PW12-03;Subarctic Pacific (Province); 899-8990-8992-12-7020-9R03;9R03;R9R03;PP03a|ALSK;PW12-03a;Alaska coastal downwelling (Longhurst);{5518N,14546W} 899-8990-8992-12-7020-9S03;9S03;R9S03;PP03b|BERS;PW12-03b;North Pacific epicontinental sea (Longhurst);{5416N,5508E} 899-8990-8992-12-7020-9T03;9T03;R9T03;PP03c|PSAW;PW12-03c;Western Pacific subarctic gyres (Longhurst);{4552N,12632E} 899-8990-8992-12-7020-9U03;9U03;R9U03;PP03d|PSAE;PW12-03d;Eastern Pacific subarctic gyres (Longhurst);{4903N,15409W} 899-8990-8992-12-7060;7060!;R9P02;PP02;PW12-02;Subarctic Atlantic (Province); 899-8990-8992-12-7060-9R02;9R02;R9R02;PP02a|ARCT;PW12-02a;Atlantic Arctic (Longhurst);{6507N,1949W} 899-8990-8992-12-7060-9S02;9S02;R9S02;PP02b|SARC;PW12-02b;Atlantic Subarctic (Longhurst);{6531N,0836E} 899-8990-8992-20 (9.2.2);6968!;R9W20;PW20|MHx;PW20;PW20 - Indo-Pacific Warmwater Realm;-20 short for -6968 899-8990-8992-27 (9.2.2.7);6987!;R9W27;PW27;PW27;PW27 - Transition (Westerlies);-27 short for -6968-6987 899-8990-8992-27-7280;7280!;R9P22;PP22|ARCH;PW27-22;Southwest Pacific/Archipelagic deep basins;{1102S,14349E} 899-8990-8992-27-7280-73QA;73QA!;R9P53;PP53|TASM;PW27-53;Tasman Sea (Longhurst);{3913S,16047E} 899-8990-8992-27-7280-9P51;9P51;R9P51;PP51|AUSE;PW27-51;East Australian coast (Longhurst);{2940S,15133E} (LH:PW23) 899-8990-8992-27-9P14;9P14;R9P14;PP14|NPPF;PW27-14;North Pacific Current/NP Polar Front;{3806N,5847W} 899-8990-8992-27-9P55;9P55;R9P55;PP55|NPSE;PW27-55;Northeast Pacific Subtropical (Longhurst);{3318N,15917W} 899-8990-8992-28 (9.2.2.8);6988!;R9W28;PW28;PW28;PW28 - Trade Winds (Longhurst);-28 short for -6968-6988 899-8990-8992-28-22 (9.2.2.8.2);6982!;R9W22;PW22;PW22;PW22 - Gyre (Biom);-22 short for -6982 899-8990-8992-28-22-7182;7182!;R9P15;PP15;PW22-15;North Central Pacific (Province); 899-8990-8992-28-22-7182-9P48;9P48;R9P48;PP48|NPTG;PW22-48;North Pacific Tropical (Longhurst);{2044N,14831W} 899-8990-8992-28-22-7182-9P54;9P54;R9P54;PP54|NPSW;PW22-54;Northwest Pacific subtropical (Longhurst);{2119N,12847E} (LH:PW27) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7188;7188!;R9P20;PP20|SPSG;PW22-20;South Central Pacific (Gyre);{2524S,11146W} 899-8990-8992-28-22-7188-9P52;9P52;R9P52;PP52|NEWZ;PW22-52;New Zealand coast (Longhurst);{2524S,11146W} (LH:PW29) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7188-9P56;9P56;R9P56;PP56|WARM;PW22-56;Western Pacific warm pool (Longhurst);{0003S,12516E} (LH:PW29) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7762;7762!;R9P16;PP16|MONS;PW22-16;Northern Indian Ocean (Indian monsoon);{4639S,8709E} 899-8990-8992-28-22-7762-9P46;9P46;R9P46;PP46|INDW;PW22-46;Western India coast (Longhurst);{1451N,7152E} (LH:PW29) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7762-9P49;9P49;R9P49;PP49|INDE;PW22-49;Eastern India coast (Longhurst);{1553N,8817E} (LH:PW29) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7766;7766!;R9P21;PP21|ISSG;PW22-21;Southern Indian Ocean (Indian subtropical);{2613S,7620E} 899-8990-8992-28-25 (9.2.2.8.5);6985!;R9W25;PW25;PW25;PW25 - Equatorial (Biom);-25 short for -6985 899-8990-8992-28-25-7180;7180!;R9P09;PP09;PW25-09;Equatorial Pacific (Province); 899-8990-8992-28-25-7180-9P47;9P47;R9P47;PP47|PEQD;PW25-47;Pacific equatorial divergence (Longhurst);{0410S,12740W} 899-8990-8992-28-25-7260;7260!;R9P07;PP07;PW25-07;Eastern Tropical Pacific (Province); 899-8990-8992-28-25-7260-9R07;9R07;R9R07;PP07a|CAMR;PW25-07a;Central American coast (Longhurst);{1442N,9645W} 899-8990-8992-28-25-7260-9S07;9S07;R9S07;PP07b|PNEC;PW25-07b;NP Equatorial Counter Current (Longhurst);{0709N,12246W} 899-8990-8992-29 (9.2.2.9);6989!;R9W29;PW29;PW29;PW29 - Coastal (Longhurst);-29 short for -6968-6989 899-8990-8992-29-00-77VY;77VY!;R9P13;PP13;PW29-13;Leeuwin Current (Province); 899-8990-8992-29-00-9P50;9P50;R9P50;PP50|AUSW;PW29-50;WT Australian & Indonesian Coast (Longhurst);{2415S,11712E} 899-8990-8992-29-23 (9.2.2.9.3);6983!;R9W23;PW23;PW23;PW23 - Western Boundary (Biom);-23 short for -6983 899-8990-8992-29-23-7624;7624!;R9P04;PP04|EAFR;PW23-04;East African coast (Agulhas);{2750S,3543E} 899-8990-8992-29-23-7795;7795!;R9P18;PP18|ARAB;PW23-18;Northwest Arabian Sea/Somali Current;{1108N,5527E} 899-8990-8992-29-23-9P12;9P12;R9P12;PP12;PW23-12;Kuroshio-Oyashio Current (Province); 899-8990-8992-29-23-9P12-7113;7113!;R9R12;PP12a;PW23-12a;Oyashio Current; 899-8990-8992-29-23-9P12-7115;7115!;R9S12;PP12b|KURO;PW23-12b;Kuroshio Current;{3040N,13659E} 899-8990-8992-29-23-9P42;9P42;R9P42;PP41|CHIN;PW23-41;China Sea Coast;{2843N,12009E} 899-8990-8992-29-24 (9.2.2.9.4);6984!;R9W24;PW24;PW24;PW24 - Eastern Boundary (Biom);-24 short for -6984 899-8990-8992-29-24-7299;7299!;R9P10;PP10|CHIL;PW24-10;Chile-Peru Current (Humboldt);{2936S,7716W} 899-8990-8992-29-24-72ZF;72ZF!;R9P05;PP05;PW24-05;California Current (System);(CCS) 899-8990-8992-29-24-72ZF-9R05;9R05;R9R05;PP05a|CCAL;PW24-05a;California Current (Upwelling);{3322N,12258W} 899-8990-8992-29-24-72ZF-9S05;9S05;R9S05;PP05b|OCAL;PW24-05b;California Current (Offshore);{3314N,12540W} G2→ NPG 899-8990-8992-29-26 (9.2.2.9.6);6986!;R9W26;PW26;PW26;PW26 - Semienclosed sea (Biom);-26 short for -6986 899-8990-8992-29-26-7098;7098!;R9P11;PP11|SUND;PW26-11;Indonesian Flowthrough/Sunda-Arafura shelves;{0203S,12137E} 899-8990-8992-29-26-7123;7123!;R9P06;PP06;PW26-06;Sea of Japan/East Sea (Province); 899-8990-8992-29-26-7220;7220!;R9P19;PP19;PW26-19;South China Sea (Province); 899-8990-8992-29-26-7777;7777!;R9P17;PP17|REDS;PW26-17;Red Sea/Persian Gulf;{2244N,4317E} 899-8990-8992-40 (9.2.4);6969!;R9W40;PW40|MHx;PW40;PW40 - Atlantic Warmwater Realm;-40 short for -6969 899-8990-8992-47 (9.2.4.7);6997!;R9W47;PW47;PW47;PW47 - Transition (Westerlies);-47 short for -6969-6997 899-8990-8992-47-7565;7332!;R9P31;PP31|NADR;PW47-31;North Atlantic Drift|Current;{4812N,2615W} 899-8990-8992-48 (9.2.4.8);6998!;R9W48;PW48;PW48;PW48 - Trade Winds (Longhurst);-48 short for -6969-6998 899-8990-8992-48-42 (9.2.4.8.2);6992!;R9W42;PW42;PW42;PW42 - Gyre (Biom);-42 short for -6992 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P32;9P32;R9P32;PP32;PW42-32;North Central Atlantic; 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P32-9R32;9R32;R9R32;PP32a|NASW;PW42-32a;NW Atlantic subtropical gyral (Longhurst);{3042N,5320W} 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P32-9S32;9S32;R9S32;PP32b|NASE;PW42-32b;NE Atlantic subtropical gyral (Longhurst);{3347N,2314W} 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P32-9T32;9T32;R9T32;PP32c|NATR;PW42-32c;North Atlantic tropical gyral (Longhurst);{1711N,4426W} 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P33;9P33;R9P33;PP33|SATL;PW42-33;South Central Atlantic;{2659S,1834W} 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P33-9P45;9P45;R9P45;PP45|BRAZ;PW42-45;Brazilian current (Longhurst);{2835S,4704W} (LH:PW49) 899-8990-8992-48-45 (9.2.4.8.5);6995!;R9W45;PW45;PW45;PW45 - Equatorial (Biom);-45 short for -6995 899-8990-8992-48-45-7510;7510!;R9P08;PP08;PW45-08;Equatorial Atlantic (Province); 899-8990-8992-48-45-7510-9R08;9R08;R9R08;PP08a|WTRA;PW45-08a;Western tropical Atlantic (Longhurst);{0229N,3339W} 899-8990-8992-48-45-7510-9S08;9S08;R9S08;PP08b|ETRA;PW45-08b;Eastern tropical Atlantic (Longhurst);{0422S,0610W} 899-8990-8992-48-45-7510-9T08;9T08;R9T08;PP08c|GUIA;PW45-08c;Guianas coast (Longhurst);{0154N,5657W} (LH:PW43) 899-8990-8992-49 (9.2.4.9);6999!;R9W49;PW49;PW49;PW49 - Coastal (Longhurst);-49 short for -6999 899-8990-8992-49-43 (9.2.4.9.3);6993!;R9W43;PW43;PW43;PW43 - Western Boundary (Biom);-43 short for -6993 899-8990-8992-49-43-9P28;9P28;R9P28;PP28|GFST;PW43-28;Gulf Stream;{3835N,5823W} 899-8990-8992-49-43-9P29;9P29;R9P29;PP29|FKLD;PW43-29;Malvinas Current/SW Atlantic shelves;{5005S,6114W} 899-8990-8992-49-43-9P42;9P42;R9P42;PP42|NWCS;PW43-42;Northwest Atlantic shelves (Longhurst);{4123N,6300W} 899-8990-8992-49-43-9P44;9P44;R9P44;PP44|CHSB;PW43-44;Chesapeake Bay (Longhurst);{3707N,7619W} 899-8990-8992-49-44 (9.2.4.9.4);6994!;R9W44;PW44;PW44;PW44 - Eastern Boundary (Biom);-44 short for -6994 899-8990-8992-49-44-7565;7565!;R9P25;PP25|CNRY;PW44-25;Canary Current (Coast);{1751N,1806W} 899-8990-8992-49-44-7577;7577!;R9P27;PP27|GUIN;PW44-27;Guinea Current (Coast);{0056S,0139E} 899-8990-8992-49-44-7622;7622!;R9P23;PP23|BENG;PW44-23;Benguela Current (Coast);{2710S,1210E} 899-8990-8992-49-44-9P43;9P43;R9P43;PP43|NECS;PW44-43;Northeast Atlantic shelves (Longhurst);{5434N,0439E} 899-8990-8992-49-46 (9.2.4.9.6);6996!;R9W46;PW46;PW46;PW46 - Semienclosed sea (Biom);-46 short for -6996 899-8990-8992-49-46-7565;7540!;R9P26;PP26|CARB;PW46-26;Caribbean/Inter American Seas;{1856N,8044W} (LH:PW45) 899-8990-8992-49-46-7577;7650!;R9P30;PP30|MEDI;PW46-30;Mediterranean Sea;{3807N,1944E} (LH:PW47) 899-8990-8992-49-46-7577;7750!;R9P24;PP24;PW46-24;Black Sea;(LH:included in MEDI) 899-8990-8992-80 (9.2.8);6979!;R9W80;PW80|MJx;PW80;PW80 - Southern Coldwater Realm (Antarctic);-80 short for -6979 899-8990-8992-81 (9.2.8.1);6990!;R9W81;PW81;PW81;PW81 - Polar (Biom);-81 short for -6979-6990 899-8990-8992-81-7840;7840!;R9P34;PP34|ANTA;PW81-34;Antarctic;{6239S,0201W} 899-8990-8992-81-9P35;9P35;R9P35;PP35|APLR;PW81-35;Antarctic Polar Front/Austral Polar;{7059S,3420W} 899-8990-8992-87 (9.2.8.7);6991!;R9W87;PW87;PW87;PW87 - Transition (Westerlies);-87 short for -6979-6991 899-8990-8992-87-9P36;9P36;R9P36;PP36|SSTC;PW87-36;Southern Subtropical Front|Convergence;{4218S,0409W} 899-8990-8992-87-9P37;9P37;R9P37;PP37|SANT;PW87-37;Subantarctic (Water Ring);{5102S,0335W} 899-8990-8992-899H (9.2.H);899H;R9Q9H;OD92H|MHx;OD92H;OD92H - Pelagic water column (H);shallow, deep sea, or enclosed coastal waters 899-8990-8992-899J (9.2.J);899J;R9Q9J;OD92J|MJx;OD92J;OD92J -Ice-associated marine habitats (J);sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- P14: The North Pacific Current (sometimes referred to as the North Pacific Drift) is an ocean current that flows west-to-east between 30 and 50 degrees north in the Pacific Ocean. The current forms the southern part of the North Pacific Subpolar Gyre and the northern part of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The North Pacific Current is formed by the collision of the Kuroshio Current, running northward off the coast of Japan, and the Oyashio Current, which is a cold subarctic current that flows south and circulates counterclockwise along the western North Pacific Ocean. In the eastern North Pacific off southern British Columbia, it splits into the southward flowing cold water California Current and the northward flowing Alaska Current. P32: North Central Atlantic NLC (Province) / North Atlantic Gyre ↔ NAST + NATR (Longhurst) NATR North Atlantic tropical gyral {17°11'N,44°26'W} P36: Southern Subtropical Front Ozean-Sektor Ungefährer Schwerpunkt (Lat/Lon) Südatlantik 40° S / 15° W Südindischer Ozean 41° S / 80° E Südpazifik 42° S / 130° W 1 = Polar 2 = Gyre 3 = Western Boundary 4 = Eastern Boundary 5 = Equatorial 6 = Semienclosed 7 = Transition 1 (P) Polar (1) 7 (W) Westerlies=Transition (7) ( + Western Boundary (3)) 8 (T) Trade Winds=Gyre (2) + Equatorial (5) 9 (C) Coastal=Eastern Boundary (4) + Western Boundary (3) + Semienclosed Sea (6) Polar=Polar Westerlies Transition (+ Western Boundary partial) Mixing/front systems Dynamic, mixing-driven regions between gyres and polar systems Mixing, fronts, seasonal blooms Not as stable as gyres, not as extreme as polar Trade Winds= Gyre + Equatorial Oligotrophic subtropical gyres (low nutrients, stable stratification) Both represent:Stratified water,Low nutrients,Low productivity Coastal=Eastern Boundary + Western Boundary + Semienclosed Sea All productive, land-influenced systems Eastern Boundary → upwelling systems (e.g., Peru, Benguela) Western Boundary → strong currents (e.g., Gulf Stream) Semienclosed Sea → Mediterranean-type systems