https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000182451 please go back to the pelagic and deep sea problem. could you please add Pelagic Provinces of the World (PPOW,Spalding et al./2012) and GOODS (Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed) to get better results, unless you know better sources GOODS (Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed) Open ocean + deep seabed Global offshore and deep-sea biogeographic classification Open-ocean / deep-seabed biogeographic regions; not directly comparable to TEOW-style biome nesting Deep-sea and high-seas biogeography, marine spatial planning beyond shelf waters UNESCO-IOC 2009, Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS): Biogeographic Classification.unesco ✅ Watling et al. (2009) Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed Classification (GOODS,Watling et al./2013) !!!! refined 2013 als GOODS A new biogeographic classification of the world’s oceans has been developed which includes pelagic waters subdivided into 30 provinces as well as benthic areas subdivided into three large depth zones consisting of 38 provinces (14 bathyal, 14 abyssal and 10 hadal). In addition, 10 hydrothermal vent provinces have been delineated. This classification has been produced by a multidisciplinary scientific expert group, who started this task at the workshop in Mexico City in January 2007. It represents the first attempt at comprehensively classifying the open ocean and deep seafloor into distinct biogeographic regions. The classification is displayed in figures 1 Zoogeography of the Sea(Ekman 1953) One of the first classic volumes originally published in German in 1935, this recognizes, but does not clearly map a number of “faunas”, “zoogeographic regions”, and “subregions”. Marine Biogeography (Hedgpeth 1957) This work points back to that of Ekman, but also reviews many other contributors and produces a first global map showing the distribution of the highest level “littoral provinces”. Marine Zoogeography (Briggs 1974) Perhaps the most thorough taxonomic-based classifications devised, this work still forms the basis for much ongoing biogeographic work. The work focuses on shelf areas and does not provide a biogeographic framework for the high seas. Briggs developed a system of regions and provinces, with the latter defined as areas having at least 10% endemism. These remain very broad-scale, with 53 Provinces in total. Classification of Coastal and Marine Environments (Hayden et al. 1984) An important attempt to devise a simple system of spatial units to inform conservation planning. The coastal units are closely allied to those proposed by Briggs. Large Marine Ecosystems (Sherman and Alexander 1989) One of the mostly widely used classifications, these are “relatively large regions on the order of 200,000 km2 or greater, characterized by distinct: (1) bathymetry, (2) hydrography, (3) productivity, and (4) trophically dependent populations”. They have been devised through expert consultation, taking account of governance regimes and management practicalities. At the present time the system is restricted to shelf areas and, in some cases, to adjacent major current systems and does not include all island systems. As shown by the definition these units are not defined by their constituent biotas: although in many cases there are close parallels due to the influence of the abiotic characters in driving biotas this is not always the case. There are 64 LMEs globally. A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (Kelleher et al. 1995) Not strictly a classification, this is one of the few global efforts to look at global marine protected areas coverage. Contributing authors were asked to consider biogeographic representation in each of 18 areas and this volume provides important pointers to biogeographic literature and potential spatial units. Ecological Geography of the Sea (Longhurst 1998, 2007) This system of broad biomes and finescale “biogeochemical provinces” is centred on abiotic measures. The classification consists of 4 biomes and 57 biogeochemical provinces. They are largely determined by satellite-derived measures of surface productivity and refined by observed or inferred locations of change in other parameters (including mixing and the location of the nutricline). The direct “measurability” of this system has appealed to a number of authors. It would further appear that some of the divisions lie quite close to lines suggested by taxonomic biogeographers. At the same time it should be pointed out that this system does not strictly follow the surface circulation SELECTED GLOBAL MARINE BIOGEOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATIONS the same als PW - but w/o the 7 semiclosed provinces Agulhas Current Antarctic Antarctic Polar Front Arctic Benguela Current California Current Canary Current Eastern Tropical Equatorial Atlantic Equatorial Pacific Guinea Current Gulf Stream Humboldt Current Indian Ocean Gyre Indian Ocean Monsoon Gyre Kuroshio Current Leeuwin Current Malvinas Current Non-gyral Southwest Pacific North Atlantic Transitional North Central Atlantic Gyre North Central Pacifi c Gyre North Pacific Transitional Somali Current South Central Atlantic Gyre South Central Pacific Gyre Subantarctic Subarctic Atlantic Subarctic Pacific Subtropical Convergence --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- reagarding: 897 0 Epipelagic (sunlight) - Photic zone - From the surface (MSL) down to around 200 m 897 1 [M] Neritic epipelagic (MEOW) - From shoreline → shelf edge (~200 m depth): MEOW applies 897 2 [P] Oceanic epipelagic (PPOW) - From shelf edge → deep ocean: PPOW takes over 897 3 [S] Mesopelagic (twilight) - Mesopelagic zone - From 200 m down to around 1000 m (33) Polar biome – 3 ecoregions Arctic (MS01) {8144N,0909W} Northwest Atlantic Subarctic (MS21) {5642N,3832W} - NWP Southern Ocean/Antarctic (MS33) {6110S,0413W} Westerly winds biome – 10 ecoregions Subarctic Pacific (MS02) {4852N,0633E} - NEP North Atlantic Drift (MS22) {4616N,2637W} South Central Pacific (MS08) {1831S,9719W} - SP Coral Sea (MS09) {17 16S,15750E} Tasman Sea (MS10) {3445S,16229E} - SWP Southern Indian Ocean (MS19) {3143S,7540E} - SWO Mediterranean (MS25) {3645N,1659E} South Atlantic (MS30) {3027S,1819W} Circumglobal Subtropical Front (MS31) {4120S,1518W} - subant... Subantarctic (MS32) {4812S,3348W} Trade wind biome – 7 ecoregions Northern Central Pacific (MS04) {2311N,1106W} - NEP Eastern Tropical Pacific (MS05) {0459N,11108W} - ECP Equatorial Pacific (MS06) {0148N,5657E} - CP Southeast Asian/Indo-Pacific Pocket basins (MS13) {0002N,12431E} - WCP Gulf of Mexico (MS23) {2434N,9037W} - complete Central (North) Atlantic (MS24) {2424N,4620W} Tropical & West Equatorial Atlantic (MS27) {0837S,1608W} - CL Distant neritic biome – 13 ecoregions California Current (MS03) {3408N,12354W} Peru Upwelling/Humboldt Current (MS07) {2411S,7638W} Agulhas Current (MS20) {26 13S,3607E} Mauritania/Cape Verde (MS26) {1608N,2048W} Guinea Basin & East Equatorial Atlantic (MS28) {0221S,0220W} Benguela Upwelling (MS29) {2510S,1121E} Arabian Sea (MS14) {1656N,6352E} Bay of Bengal (MS15) {1501N,8724E} Somali Current (MS16) {0848N,5106E} Northern Indian Ocean (MS17) {0125S,7654E} Mid-Indian Ocean (MS18) {1630S,8530E} Sea of Japan (MS11) {4047N,13517E} South China Sea (MS12) {1353N,11451E} 897 4 Bathypelagic (midnight) - Bathyal zone - From 1000 m down to around 4000 m 897 5 [B] Lower Bathyal Provinces - depth range 800 to 3000 m. (14) 01 Arctic - Lower Bathyal Province (BY01) {8533N,2752W} North Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Greenland Sea (IHO Sea Area) Norwegian Sea (IHO Sea Area) Laptev Sea (IHO Sea Area) Lincoln Sea (IHO Sea Area) Beaufort Sea (IHO Sea Area) Arctic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Northwestern Passages (IHO Sea Area) Baffin Bay (IHO Sea Area) Davis Strait (IHO Sea Area) 02 Northern North Atlantic - Lower Bathyal Province (BY02) {5634N,3639W} Hudson Strait (IHO Sea Area) Davis Strait (IHO Sea Area) Labrador Sea (IHO Sea Area) North Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 03 Northern North Pacific - Lower Bathyal Province (BY03) {5505N,175W} North Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Japan Sea/East Sea (IHO Sea Area) Sea of Okhotsk (IHO Sea Area) Bering Sea (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Alaska (IHO Sea Area) The Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of California (IHO Sea Area) 04 North Atlantic - Lower Bathyal Province (BY04) {3040N,3831W} Mediterranean Sea - Eastern Basin (IHO Sea Area) Mediterranean Sea - Western Basin (IHO Sea Area) Bay of Biscay (IHO Sea Area) Celtic Sea (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Mexico (IHO Sea Area) Caribbean Sea (IHO Sea Area) North Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Strait of Gibraltar (IHO Sea Area) Alboran Sea (IHO Sea Area) Balearic Sea (IHO Sea Area) Ligurian Sea (IHO Sea Area) Tyrrhenian Sea (IHO Sea Area) Adriatic Sea (IHO Sea Area) Ionian Sea (IHO Sea Area) Aegean Sea (IHO Sea Area) 05 Southeast Pacific Ridges - Lower Bathyal Province (BY05) {2710S,11521W} South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 06 New Zealand-Kermadec - Lower Bathyal Province (BY06) {3129S,17237E} South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Bass Strait (IHO Sea Area) Tasman Sea (IHO Sea Area) Coral Sea (IHO Sea Area) 07 Cocos Plate - Lower Bathyal Province (BY07) {0642N,9604W} Gulf of California (IHO Sea Area) North Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 08 Nazca Plate - Lower Bathyal Province (BY08) {3229S,8040W} South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 09 Antarctic - Lower Bathyal Province (BY09) {8439S,12246E} South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Indian Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Southern Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 10 Subantarctic - Lower Bathyal Province (BY10) {7959S,9311E} Tasman Sea (IHO Sea Area) South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Indian Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Southern Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 11 Indian Ocean - Lower Bathyal Province (BY11) {1347S,7207E} Gulf of Aden (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Oman (IHO Sea Area) Laccadive Sea (IHO Sea Area) Arabian Sea (IHO Sea Area) Mozambique Channel (IHO Sea Area) Bay of Bengal (IHO Sea Area) Andaman Sea (IHO Sea Area) Malacca Strait (IHO Sea Area) Great Australian Bight (IHO Sea Area) Tasman Sea (IHO Sea Area) Indian Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Banda Sea (IHO Sea Area) Timor Sea (IHO Sea Area) Flores Sea (IHO Sea Area) Bali Sea (IHO Sea Area) Java Sea (IHO Sea Area) Savu Sea (IHO Sea Area) 12 West Pacific - Lower Bathyal Province (BY12) {0118S,14814E} South China Sea (IHO Sea Area) Eastern China Sea (IHO Sea Area) Coral Sea (IHO Sea Area) Bismarck Sea (IHO Sea Area) Solomon Sea (IHO Sea Area) Philippine Sea (IHO Sea Area) North Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Sulu Sea (IHO Sea Area) Celebes Sea (IHO Sea Area) Molukka Sea (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Tomini (IHO Sea Area) Halmahera Sea (IHO Sea Area) Ceram Sea (IHO Sea Area) Banda Sea (IHO Sea Area) Arafura Sea (IHO Sea Area) Timor Sea (IHO Sea Area) Flores Sea (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Boni (IHO Sea Area) Makassar Strait (IHO Sea Area) Java Sea (IHO Sea Area) 13 South Atlantic - Lower Bathyal Province (BY13) {2919S,1631W} North Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Guinea (IHO Sea Area) South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Indian Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 14 North Pacific - Lower Bathyal Province (BY14) {1629N,17502W} North Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 897 6 [V] Hydrothermal Vent Provinces - bathymetry 800-3500 m. (10) 701 VTK Arctic Ocean VT08 Arctic including the VT08a * Mohns Ridge [Norwegian Sea] {7155N,0112W} north of Iceland and the various vent sites in the Arctic Basin Vent Sites. VT08b * Gakkel Ridge {8634N,7752E} 710 VTP Pacific Ocean VT01 East Pacific Rise (EPR) encompassing all of the East Pacific Ridge from about the Challenger Fracture Zone to the ridges surrounding the Cocos Plate; {1727S,11310W} VT02 South East Pacific Ridges including the southern section of the East Pacific Rise, the Chile Rise and the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge; VT02a * Chile Rise {40S,90W} VT02b * Pacific-Antarctic Ridge {6112S,6547W} VT03 Western Pacific Back-Arc spreading centers, VT03a * Mariana Central Trough: Located in the Philippine Sea, this is an active basin behind the Mariana Arc where seafloor spreading occurs as the Pacific plate subducts. {0803N,14445E] VT03b * Lau Basin: Situated behind the Tonga Arc, this is an active, shallow V-shaped basinand one of the best-studied examples, characterized by rapid tectonic evolution. SPO {20S,17730W} VT03c * North Fiji Basin: Formed behind the Vanuatu subduction zone due to the convergence of the Pacific and Indo-Australian plates. SPO {18S,174E} VT03d * Manus Basin: Part of the Bismarck Sea, this region shows complex interaction between spreading and volcanic arc structures. SPO {0345S,150E] VT03e * Okinawa Trough: A back-arc basin in the East China Sea, often showing continental crust extension, with active hydrothermal activity identified. {26N,12540E} VT04 Juan de Fuca Ridge - NPO {4537N,12959W} 732 VTL Atlantic Ocean VT05 Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) North in the region from 15° to 30° N, could be extrapolated to include the MAR south to the Equator VT06 Azores includes the part of the MAR in the region of the Azores; it is not known whether this province extends north to Iceland because of the deepening of the ridge or whether the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Province exists in this deeper area north of the shallower Azores Province. VT07 Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) South hypothesized province, but no data currently exist. 776 VTO Indian Ocean VT10 Central Indian Ridge encompasses the region where the Mid-Indian, Southwest Indian, and Southeast Indian Ridges meet. It is likely the fauna of this province extends to varying degrees along each of the two southward trending ridges, and that some part of each ridge may belong to its own province. The extent to which other ridges, such as the aseismic Ninety-East Ridge, has any vent activity is not known at this time. {1340S,6724E} VT10a * Boomerang Seamount {3743S,7750E} VT10b * Southeast Indian Ridge {2804S,7410E} VT10c * Southwest Indian Ridge {4403S,3757E} 784 VTQ Southern Ocean VT09 East Scotia Ridge hypothesized province, data not yet available. {5749S,2627W} 897 7 Abyssopelagic (abyssal zone) - From around 4000 m down to above the ocean floor 897 8 [A] Abyssal Provinces - depth range 3500 to 6500 m. (14) 01 Arctic basin - Abyssal Province (AB01) {8741N,16353W} Greenland Sea (IHO Sea Area) Norwegian Sea (IHO Sea Area) Beaufort Sea (IHO Sea Area) Arctic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 02 North Atlantic - Abyssal Province (AB02) {2343N,3931W} Bay of Biscay (IHO Sea Area) Celtic Sea (IHO Sea Area) Labrador Sea (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Mexico (IHO Sea Area) Caribbean Sea (IHO Sea Area) North Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Guinea (IHO Sea Area) South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 03 Brazil Basin - Abyssal Province (AB03) {1901S,2525W} South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) (SWCL) 04 Angola and Sierra Leone Basins - Abyssal Province (AB04) {1555S,0132W} Gulf of Guinea (IHO Sea Area) North Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 05 Argentine Basin - Abyssal Province (AB05) {4109S,38W} South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) (SWL) 06 East Antarctic Indian - Abyssal Province (AB06) {6019S,3237E} Mozambique Channel (IHO Sea Area) South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Indian Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Southern Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 07 West Antarctic - Abyssal Province (AB07) {6031S,10152W} South Atlantic Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Southern Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 08 Indian Ocean - Abyssal Province (AB08) {2411S,8611E} Gulf of Aden (IHO Sea Area) Laccadive Sea (IHO Sea Area) Arabian Sea (IHO Sea Area) Mozambique Channel (IHO Sea Area) Bay of Bengal (IHO Sea Area) Andaman Sea (IHO Sea Area) Great Australian Bight (IHO Sea Area) Tasman Sea (IHO Sea Area) Coral Sea (IHO Sea Area) Indian Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Southern Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 09 East Pacific Basins - Abyssal Province (AB09) {1406S,9314W} (Chile, Peru, Guatemala Basins) Gulf of California (IHO Sea Area) North Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 10 South Pacific - Abyssal Province (AB10) {3228S,15737W} Tasman Sea (IHO Sea Area) Coral Sea (IHO Sea Area) Solomon Sea (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Southern Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 11 Equatorial Pacific (Central Pacific) - Abyssal Province (AB11) {0055N,13729W} North Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 12 Lower North Pacific (North Central Pacific) - Abyssal Province (AB12) {2135N,17945W} Bismarck Sea (IHO Sea Area) Philippine Sea (IHO Sea Area) North Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) South Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) Halmahera Sea (IHO Sea Area) 13 (Upper) North Pacific - Abyssal Province (AB13) {46N,17536W} Philippine Sea (IHO Sea Area) Japan Sea/East Sea (IHO Sea Area) Sea of Okhotsk (IHO Sea Area) Bering Sea (IHO Sea Area) Gulf of Alaska (IHO Sea Area) North Pacific Ocean (IHO Sea Area) 14 West Pacific Basins - Abyssal Province (AB14) {0606N,12104E} South China Sea (IHO Sea Area) Philippine Sea (IHO Sea Area) Sulu Sea (IHO Sea Area) Celebes Sea (IHO Sea Area) Molukka Sea (IHO Sea Area) Halmahera Sea (IHO Sea Area) Ceram Sea (IHO Sea Area) Banda Sea (IHO Sea Area) Arafura Sea (IHO Sea Area) Flores Sea (IHO Sea Area) Makassar Strait (IHO Sea Area) Savu Sea (IHO Sea Area) 897 9 [H] Hadopelagic (hadal) Provinces - World ocean deeper than 6500 m // 7100 HDP Pacific Ocean Subregion: // 7110 [North Pacific Ocean] HD01 Aleutian-Japan Province HD1A ALT-Aleutian Trench/Maury Deep {5208N,16726W} HD1B IOT-Izu-Ogasawara Trench/Bonin Trench {32N,14210E} HD1C JPT-Japan Trench/Nippon Trench {3809N,14402E} HD1D KKT-Kuril-Kamchatka Trench/Tuscarora Deep [Sea of Okhotsk] {4647N,15441E} HD02 Philippine Province HD2A PHT-Philippine Trench/Mindanao Trough/Swire Deep [Philippine Sea] {1007N,12641E} HD2B NST-Nansei-Shoto Trench/Ryukyu Trench [Philippine Sea] {2430N,12725E} HD03 Mariana Province HD3A MAR-Mariana Trench/Bonin/Challenger Deep {1641N,14748E} HD3B PAL-Palau Trench/Palau Through {0702N,13447E} HD3C YAP-Yap Trench/Yap Through/West Caroline Trench [Philippine Sea] {0919N,13819E} 7270 [South Pacific Ocean] HD04 Bougainville-New Hebrides Province (hadal) HD4A BGT-Bougainville Trench {06S,153E} HD4B NHT-New Hebrides Trench [Coral Sea] {2125S,17004E} HD4C NBT-New Britain Trench [Solomon Sea] {06S,15230E} HD05 Tonga-Kermadec Province (hadal) HD5A KTT-Kermadec-Tonga Trench {3155S,17722W} HD5B NFB-North Fiji Basin/Pandora Basin {18S,174E} HD06 Peru-Chile Province (hadal) PCT-Peru-Chile/Atacama Trench {2547S,7141W} 7320 HDL Atlantic Ocean Subregion: HD08 Puerto Rico Province HD8A CYT-Cayman trench [Caribbean Sea] {1905N,8005W} HD8B PRT-Puerto Rico trench [North Atlantic/Central Atlantic] {1955N,6512W} HD09 Romanche Province RMT-the Romanche Trench in the equatorial Atlantic / [central/south atlantic] {0020S,18W} or Romanche Fracture Zone or La Romanche Passage / Romanche Deep/Gap/Trench 7760 HDO Indian Ocean Subregion: HD07 Java Province (JAV-Java Trench/Sunda Trench) [EIO] {0919S,10854E} 7840 HDQ Antarctic-Atlantic Subregion: HD10 Southern Antilles Province (SAND-South Sandwich Trench/Sandwich Deep/Ross Deep) {5625S,2516W} [South Atlantic Ocean] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HLC Tree (OW Levels);HLC-M;HLC-X;HLC-S;REF-CODE;DESCRIPTION;Details 899 (9);899|699;R9Q00;OD00|MES;OD00|LM;OD00 - MES ([large] Marine Eco-Systems); 899-8990 (9.0);8990;R9Q90;OD90|R90;OD90|KB;OD90 - Epipelagic (sunlight) - Photic Zone (O);surface (MSL) down to around 200 m 899-8990-8991 (9.1);8991;R9Q91;OD91|R91;OD91|UB;OD91 - Neritic Epipelagic (N);shoreline --> shelf edge (~200 m depth) 899-8990-8991-8971 (9.1.1);8971;R9XX1;MR|LM|EW 71;MR|LM|EW 71;MR|LM|EW 71 - MES (Polar Seas,EW00,G196!);details see MEOW, LMES and PAME 899-8990-8991-8971-8970 (9.1.1.0);8970;R9XX0;MR|LM|EW 70;MR|LM|EW 70;MR|LM|EW 70 - MES (Polar - Arctic);details see MEOW, LMES and PAME 899-8990-8991-8971-8979 (9.1.1.9);8979;R9XX9;MR|LM|EW 79;MR|LM|EW 79;MR|LM|EW 79 - MES (Subpolar/Boreal - Antarctic,G196#);details see MEOW, LMES and PAME 899-8990-8991-8972 (9.1.2);8972;R9XX2;MR|LM 72;MR|LM 72;MR|LM 72 - MES (Temperate);details see MEOW and LMES 899-8990-8991-8972-8975 (9.1.2.5);8975;R9MR5;MR75;MR75;MR75 - MES (Temperate Shelfs & Seas,G199!);details see MEOW 899-8990-8991-8972-8978 (9.1.2.8);8978;R9MR8;MR78;MR78;MR78 - MES (Temperate Upwelling,G208!);details see MEOW 899-8990-8991-8973 (9.1.3);8973;R9XX3;MR|LM 73;MR|LM 73;MR|LM 73 - MES (Subtropical/Tropical Upwelling,G212!);details see MEOW and LMES 899-8990-8991-8974 (9.1.4);8974;R9XX4;MR|LM 74;MR|LM 74;MR|LM 74 - MES (Tropical Coral,G217!);details see MEOW and LMES 899-8990-8991-8974-8976 (9.1.4.6);8976;R9MR6;MR76;MR76;MR76 - MES (Indo-Pacific Tropics);details see MEOW 899-8990-8991-8974-8977 (9.1.4.7);8977;R9MR7;MR77;MR77;MR77 - MES (Tropical Atlantic & Pacific);details see MEOW 899-8990-8991-899A (9.1.A);899A;R9Q9A;OD91A|MAx;OD91A;OD91A - littoral/coastal/intertidal zone;shoreline area between high and low tide 899-8990-8991-899A-899I;899I;R9Q9I;OD91I;OD91I;OD91I - hydrolittoral - tidal stripe (I);shore that is regularly covered and uncovered by water 899-8990-8991-899S (9.1.S);899S;R9Q9S;OD91S;OD91S;OD91S - sublittoral - subtidal zone (S);low water mark to 200m depth or to the shelf edge 899-8990-8991-899S-899B;899B;R9Q9B;OD91B|MBx;OD91B;OD91B - Infralittoral/inner neritic (shelf, photic);shallow continental shelf, well-lit (0-~50m) 899-8990-8991-899S-899C;899C;R9Q9C;OD91C|MCx;OD91C;OD91C - circalittoral/outer neritic (shelf, dim light);aphotic for the seabed, pelagic life & plankton (~40-80 m) 899-8990-8991-899S-899C;899D;R9Q9D;OD91D|MDx;OD91D;OD91D - offshore circalittoral;deeper shelf below main photic zone (~50-200 m) 899-8990-8992 (9.2);8992;R9Q92;OD92|R92;OD92|UC;OD92 - Oceanic Epipelagic / pelagic waters (P);shelf edge --> open ocean (100 ~ 300 m) 899-8990-8992-899H (9.2.H);899H;R9Q9H;OD92H|MHx;OD92H;OD92H - Pelagic water column (H);shallow, deep sea, or enclosed coastal waters 899-8990-8992-899H-6968 (9.2.2);6968;R9W20;PW20;PW20;PW20 - Indo-Pacific Warmwater Realm;details see PPOW 899-8990-8992-899H-6969 (9.2.4);6969;R9W40;PW40;PW40;PW40 - Atlantic Warmwater Realm;details see PPOW 899-8990-8992-899J (9.2.J);899J;R9Q9J;OD92J|MJx;OD92J;OD92J - Ice-associated marine habitats (J);sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats 899-8990-8992-899J-6949 (9.2.1);6949;R9W10;PW10;PW10;PW10 - Northern Coldwater Realm (Arctic);details see PPOW 899-8990-8992-899J-6979 (9.2.8);6979;R9W80;PW80;PW80;PW80 - Southern Coldwater Realm (Antarctic);details see PPOW 899-8993 (9.3);8993;R9Q93;OD93|R93;OD93|KJ;OD93 - Mesopelagic / twilight zone / upper bathyal (E);Continental slope start (200 - 1000 m) 899-8993-0000-899E;899E;R9Q9E;OD93E|MEx;OD93E;OD93E - Mesopelagic / twilight zone / upper bathyal (E);Continental slope start (200 - 1000 m) 899-8993-8986 (9.3.6);8986;R9Q86;MS86;MS86;MS86 - Polar (Biom); 899-8993-8986-9Q41;9Q41;R9Q41;MS01;MS01;Arctic (twilight);{8144N,0909W} 899-8993-8986-9Q61;9Q61;R9Q61;MS21;MS21;Northwest Atlantic Subarctic;{5642N,3832W} 899-8993-8986-9Q73;9Q71;R9Q73;MS33;MS33;Southern Ocean/Antarctic;{6110S,0413W} 899-8993-8987 (9.3.7);8987;R9Q87;MS87;MS87;MS87 - Westerly winds (Biom); 899-8993-8987-9Q42;9Q42;R9Q42;MS02;MS02;Subarctic Pacific;{4852N,0633E} - NEP 899-8993-8987-9Q48;9Q48;R9Q48;MS08;MS08;North Atlantic Drift;{4616N,2637W} 899-8993-8987-9Q49;9Q49;R9Q49;MS09;MS09;South Central Pacific;{1831S,9719W} - SP 899-8993-8987-9Q50;9Q50;R9Q50;MS10;MS10;Coral Sea;{1716S,15750E} 899-8993-8987-9Q59;9Q59;R9Q59;MS19;MS19;Tasman Sea;{3445S,16229E} - SWP 899-8993-8987-9Q62;9Q62;R9Q62;MS22;MS22;Southern Indian Ocean;{3143S,7540E} - SWO 899-8993-8987-9Q65;9Q65;R9Q65;MS25;MS25;Mediterranean;{3645N,1659E} 899-8993-8987-9Q70;9Q70;R9Q70;MS30;MS30;South Atlantic;{3027S,1819W} 899-8993-8987-9Q71;9Q71;R9Q71;MS31;MS31;Circumglobal Subtropical Front...;{4120S,1518W} - subant… 899-8993-8987-9Q72;9Q72;R9Q72;MS32;MS32;Subantarctic;{4812S,3348W} 899-8993-8988 (9.3.8);8988;R9Q88;MS88;MS88;MS88 - Trade wind (Biom); 899-8993-8988-9Q44;9Q44;R9Q44;MS04;MS04;Northern Central Pacific;{2311N,1106W} - NEP 899-8993-8988-9Q45;9Q45;R9Q45;MS05;MS05;Eastern Tropical Pacific;{0459N,11108W} - ECP 899-8993-8988-9Q46;9Q46;R9Q46;MS06;MS06;Equatorial Pacific;{0148N,5657E} - CP 899-8993-8988-9Q53;9Q53;R9Q53;MS13;MS13;Southeast Asian/Indo-Pacific Pocket basins;{0002N,12431E} - WCP 899-8993-8988-9Q63;9Q63;R9Q63;MS23;MS23;Gulf of Mexico;{2434N,9037W} - complete 899-8993-8988-9Q64;9Q64;R9Q64;MS24;MS24;Central (North) Atlantic;{2424N,4620W} 899-8993-8988-9Q67;9Q67;R9Q67;MS27;MS27;Tropical & West Equatorial Atlantic;{0837S,1608W} - CL 899-8993-8989 (9.3.9);8989;R9Q89;MS89;MS89;MS89 - Coastal/Distant neritic (Biom); 899-8993-8989-9Q43;9Q43;R9Q43;MS03;MS03;California Current;{3408N,12354W} 899-8993-8989-9Q47;9Q47;R9Q47;MS07;MS07;Peru Upwelling/Humboldt Current;{2411S,7638W} 899-8993-8989-9Q51;9Q51;R9Q51;MS11;MS11;Agulhas Current;{26 13S,3607E} 899-8993-8989-9Q52;9Q52;R9Q52;MS12;MS12;Mauritania/Cape Verde;{1608N,2048W} 899-8993-8989-9Q54;9Q54;R9Q54;MS14;MS14;Guinea Basin & East Equatorial Atlantic;{0221S,0220W} 899-8993-8989-9Q55;9Q55;R9Q55;MS15;MS15;Benguela Upwelling;{2510S,1121E} 899-8993-8989-9Q56;9Q56;R9Q56;MS16;MS16;Arabian Sea;{1656N,6352E} 899-8993-8989-9Q57;9Q57;R9Q57;MS17;MS17;Bay of Bengal;{1501N,8724E} 899-8993-8989-9Q58;9Q58;R9Q58;MS18;MS18;Somali Current;{0848N,5106E} 899-8993-8989-9Q60;9Q60;R9Q60;MS20;MS20;Northern Indian Ocean;{0125S,7654E} 899-8993-8989-9Q66;9Q66;R9Q66;MS26;MS26;Mid-Indian Ocean;{1630S,8530E} 899-8993-8989-9Q68;9Q68;R9Q68;MS28;MS28;Sea of Japan;{4047N,13517E} 899-8993-8989-9Q69;9Q69;R9Q69;MS29;MS29;South China Sea;{1353N,11451E} 899-8994 (9.4);8994;R9Q94;OD94|R94;OD94|KK;OD94 - Bathypelagic - midnight zone (F);1000 m down to around 4000 m 899-8994-0000-899F;899F;R9Q9F;OD94F|MFx;OD94F;OD94F - Bathypelagic - midnight zone (F);1000 m down to around 4000 m 899-8994-8995 (9.4.5);8995;R9Q95;OD95|R95;OD95|UH;OD95 - mid/lower Bathyal Provinces (T);deep sloop (800 to 3000 m) 899-8994-8995-899M;899I;R9Q9M;OD95M;OD95M;OD95I - mid Bathyal Provinces (M);middle continental slope (1100-1800 m) 899-8994-8995-899W;899W;R9Q9W;OD95W;OD95W;OD95W - lower Bathyal Provinces (W);slope-to-rise transition (1800-2700 m) 899-8994-8995-9785;9785;R9Q27;BT07;BT07;Cocos Plate (T);{0642N,9604W} 899-8994-8995-9787;9787;R9Q28;BT08;BT08;Nazca Plate (T);{3229S,8040W} 899-8994-8995-9Q21;9Q21;R9Q21;BT01;BT01;Arctic (T);{8533N,2752W} 899-8994-8995-9Q22;9Q22;R9Q22;BT02;BT02;Northern North Atlantic (T);{5634N,3639W} 899-8994-8995-9Q23;9Q23;R9Q23;BT03;BT03;Northern North Pacific (T);{5505N,175W} 899-8994-8995-9Q24;9Q24;R9Q24;BT04;BT04;North Atlantic (T);{3040N,3831W} 899-8994-8995-9Q25;9Q25;R9Q25;BT05;BT05;Southeast Pacific Ridges (T);{2710S,11521W} 899-8994-8995-9Q26;9Q26;R9Q26;BT06;BT06;New Zealand-Kermadec (T);{3129S,17237E} 899-8994-8995-9Q29;9Q29;R9Q29;BT09;BT09;Antarctic (T);{8439S,12246E} 899-8994-8995-9Q30;9Q30;R9Q30;BT10;BT10;Subantarctic (T);{7959S,9311E} 899-8994-8995-9Q31;9Q31;R9Q31;BT11;BT11;Indian Ocean (T);{1347S,7207E} 899-8994-8995-9Q32;9Q32;R9Q32;BT12;BT12;West Pacific (T);{0118S,14814E} 899-8994-8995-9Q33;9Q33;R9Q33;BT13;BT13;South Atlantic (T);{2919S,1631W} 899-8994-8995-9Q34;9Q34;R9Q34;BT14;BT14;North Pacific (T);{1629N,17502W} 899-8994-8996 (9.4.6);8996;R9Q96;OD96|R96;OD96|UJ;OD96 - Hydrothermal Vent Provinces (V);bathymetry 800 to 3500 m 899-8994-8996-7010 (9.4.6.1);7010;R9VT1;VT71;VT71;VT71 - Arctic Ocean (V); 899-8994-8996-7010-9V8T;9V8T;R9V8T;VT07;VT07;Arctic Basin Vent Sites; 899-8994-8996-7010-9V8T-9V8A;9V8A;R9V8A;VT07a;VT07a;Mohns Ridge;{7155N,0112W} 899-8994-8996-7010-9V8T-9V8B;9V8B;R9V8B;VT07b;VT07b;Gakkel Ridge;{8634N,7752E} 899-8994-8996-7100 (9.4.6.3);7100;R9VT3;VT73;VT73;VT73 - Pacific Ocean (V); 899-8994-8996-7100-9V0T;9V0T;R9V0T;VT00|EPR;VT00;East Pacific Rise;{1727S,11310W} 899-8994-8996-7100-9V1T;9V1T;R9V1T;VT01;VT01;Southeast Pacific Ridges (V); 899-8994-8996-7100-9V1T-9V1A;9V1A;R9V1A;VT01a;VT01a;Chile Rise;{40S,90W} 899-8994-8996-7100-9V1T-9V1B;9V1B;R9V1B;VT01b;VT01b;Pacific-Antarctic Ridge;6112S,6547W} 899-8994-8996-7100-9V2T;9V2T;R9V2T;VT02;VT02;Western Pacific Back-Arc spreading centers; 899-8994-8996-7100-9V2T-9V2A;9V2A;R9V2A;VT02a;VT02a;Mariana Central Trough;{0803N,14445E] 899-8994-8996-7100-9V2T-9V2B;9V2B;R9V2B;VT02b;VT02b;Lau Basin;{20S,17730W} 899-8994-8996-7100-9V2T-9V2C;9V2C;R9V2C;VT02c;VT02c;North Fiji Basin;{18S,174E} 899-8994-8996-7100-9V2T-9V2D;9V2D;R9V2D;VT02d;VT02d;Manus Basin;{0345S,150E] 899-8994-8996-7100-9V2T-9V2E;9V2E;R9V2E;VT02e;VT02e;Okinawa Trough;{26N,12540E} 899-8994-8996-7100-9V3T;9V3T;R9V3T;VT03;VT03;Juan de Fuca Ridge;{4537N,12959W} 899-8994-8996-7320 (9.4.6.4);7320;R9VT4;VT74;VT74;VT74 - Atlantic Ocean (V); 899-8994-8996-7320-9V4T;9V4T;R9V4T;VT04|MAR;VT04;Mid-Atlantic Ridge (North);{0043N,2513W} 899-8994-8996-7320-9V5T;9V5T;R9V5T;VT05;VT05;VT06 Azores;extents unknown 899-8994-8996-7320-9V6T;9V6T;R9V6T;VT06;VT06;VT07 Mid-Atlantic Ridge (South);hypothesized province 899-8994-8996-7760 (9.4.6.7);7760;R9VT7;VT77;VT77;VT77 - Indian Ocean (V); 899-8994-8996-7360-9V9T;9V9T;R9V9T;VT09;VT09;VT10 Central Indian Ridge;{1340S,6724E} 899-8994-8996-7360-9V9T-9V9A;9V9A;R9V9A;VT09a;VT09a;Boomerang Seamount;{3743S,7750E} 899-8994-8996-7360-9V9T-9V9B;9V9B;R9V9B;VT09b;VT09b;Southeast Indian Ridge;{2804S,7410E} 899-8994-8996-7360-9V9T-9V9C;9V9C;R9V9C;VT09c;VT09c;Southwest Indian Ridge;{4403S,3757E} 899-8994-8996-7840 (9.4.6.8);7840;R9VT8;VT78;VT78;VT78 - Southern Ocean (V); 899-8994-8996-7840-9V8T;9V8T;R9V8T;VT08;VT08;East Scotia Ridge;{5749S,2627W} 899-8997 (9.7);8997;R9Q97;OD97|R97;OD97|KU;OD97 - Abyssopelagic - Abyssal Zone (G);4000 m down to above the ocean floor 899-8997-0000-899G;899G;R9Q9G;OD97G|MGx;OD97G;OD97G - Abyssopelagic - Abyssal Zone (G);4000 m down to above the ocean floor 899-8997-8998 (9.7.8);8998;R9Q98;OD98|R98;OD98|UL;OD98 - Abyssal Provinces (Y);depth range 3500 to 6500 m 899-8997-8998-9Q01;9Q01;R9Q01;AY01;AY01;Arctic basin (Y);{8741N,16353W} 899-8997-8998-9Q02;9Q02;R9Q02;AY02;AY02;North Atlantic (Y);{2343N,3931W} 899-8997-8998-9Q03;9Q03;R9Q03;AY03;AY03;Brazil Basin (Y);{1901S,2525W} 899-8997-8998-9Q04;9Q04;R9Q04;AY04;AY04;Angola and Sierra Leone Basins (Y);{1555S,0132W} 899-8997-8998-9Q05;9Q05;R9Q05;AY05;AY05;Argentine Basin (Y);{4109S,38W} 899-8997-8998-9Q06;9Q06;R9Q06;AY06;AY06;East Antarctic Indian (Y);{6019S,3237E} 899-8997-8998-9Q07;9Q07;R9Q07;AY07;AY07;West Antarctic (Y);{6031S,10152W} 899-8997-8998-9Q08;9Q08;R9Q08;AY08;AY08;Indian Ocean (Y);{2411S,8611E} 899-8997-8998-9Q09;9Q09;R9Q09;AY09;AY09;East Pacific Basins (Y);{1406S,9314W} 899-8997-8998-9Q10;9Q10;R9Q10;AY10;AY10;South Pacific (Y);{3228S,15737W} 899-8997-8998-9Q11;9Q11;R9Q11;AY11;AY11;Equatorial Pacific (Central Pacific) (Y);{0055N,13729W} 899-8997-8998-9Q12;9Q12;R9Q12;AY12;AY12;Lower North Pacific (North Central Pacific) (Y);{2135N,17945W} 899-8997-8998-9Q13;9Q13;R9Q13;AY13;AY13;(Upper) North Pacific (Y);{46N,17536W} 899-8997-8998-9Q14;9Q14;R9Q14;AY14;AY14;West Pacific Basins (Y);{0606N,12104E} 899-8997-8999 (9.7.9);8999;R9Q99;OD99|R99;OD99|UW;OD99 - Hadopelagic -hadal Provinces (L);World ocean deeper than 6500 m 899-8997-8999-7110 (9.7.9.2);7110;R9V2L;HL72;HL72;HL72 - North Pacific Ocean (L); 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL0;9VL0;R9VL0;HL00;HL00;Aleutian-Japan Province (L); 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL0-9VA0;9VA0;R9VA0;HL00a|ALT;HL00a;Aleutian Trench/Maury Deep;{5208N,16726W} 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL0-9VB0;9VB0;R9VB0;HL00b|IOT;HL00b;Izu-Ogasawara Trench/Bonin Trench;{32N,14210E} 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL0-9VC0;9VC0;R9VC0;HL00c|JPT;HL00c;Japan Trench/Nippon Trench;{3809N,14402E} 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL0-9VD0;9VD0;R9VD0;HL00d|KKT;HL00d;Kuril-Kamchatka Trench/Tuscarora Deep;{4647N,15441E} 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL1;9VL1;R9VL1;HL01;HL01;Philippine Province (L); 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL1-9VA1;9VA1;R9VA1;HL01a|PHT;HL01a;Philippine Trench/Mindanao Trough/Swire Deep;{1007N,12641E} 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL1-9VB1;9VB1;R9VB1;HL01b|NST;HL01b;Nansei-Shoto Trench/Ryukyu Trench;{2430N,12725E} 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL2;9VL2;R9VL2;HL02;HL02;Mariana Province (L); 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL2-9VA2;9VA2;R9VA2;HL02a|MAR;HL02a;Mariana Trench/Bonin/Challenger Deep;{1641N,14748E} 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL2-9VB2;9VB2;R9VB2;HL02b|PAL;HL02b;Palau Trench/Palau Through;{0702N,13447E} 899-8997-8999-7110-9VL2-9VC2;9VC2;R9VC2;HL02c|YAP;HL02c;Yap Trench/Yap Through/West Caroline Trench;{0919N,13819E} 899-8997-8999-7270 (9.7.9.3);7270;R9L3L;HL73;HL73;HL73 - South Pacific Ocean (L); 899-8997-8999-7270-9VL3;9VL3;R9VL3;HL03;HL03;Bougainville-New Hebrides Province (L); 899-8997-8999-7270-9VL3-9VA3;9VA3;R9VA3;HL03a|BGT;HL03a;Bougainville Trench;{06S,153E} 899-8997-8999-7270-9VL3-9VB3;9VB3;R9VB3;HL03b|NHT;HL03b;New Hebrides Trench;{2125S,17004E} 899-8997-8999-7270-9VL3-9VC3;9VC3;R9VC3;HL03c|NBT;HL03c;New Britain Trench;{06S,15230E} 899-8997-8999-7270-9VL4;9VL4;R9VL4;HL04;HL04;Tonga-Kermadec Province (L); 899-8997-8999-7270-9VL4-9VA4;9VA4;R9VA4;HL04a|KTT;HL04a;Kermadec-Tonga Trench;{3155S,17722W} 899-8997-8999-7270-9VL4-9VB4;9VB4;R9VB4;HL04b|NFB;HL04b;North Fiji Basin/Pandora Basin;{18S,174E} 899-8997-8999-7270-9VL5;9VL5;R9VL5;HL05|PCT;HL05;Peru-Chile Trench/Atacama Trench;{2547S,7141W} 899-8997-8999-7320 (9.7.9.4);7320;R9V4L;HL74;HL74;HL74 - Atlantic Ocean (L); 899-8997-8999-7320-9VL7;9VL7;R9VL7;HL07;HL07;Puerto Rico Province (L); 899-8997-8999-7320-9VL7-9VA7;9VA7;R9VA7;HL07a|CYT;HL07a;Cayman trench;{1905N,8005W} 899-8997-8999-7320-9VL7-9VB7;9VB7;R9VB7;HL07b|PRT;HL07b;Puerto Rico trench;{1955N,6512W} 899-8997-8999-7320-9VL8;9VL8;R9VL8;HL08|RMT;HL08;Romanche Deep/Gap/Trench;{0020S,18W} 899-8994-8999-7760 (9.7.9.7);7760;R9V7L;HL77;HL77;HL77 - Indian Ocean (L); 899-8997-8999-7760-9VL6;9VL6;R9VL6;HL06|JAV;HL06;Java Trench/Sunda Trench;{0919S,10854E} 899-8994-8999-7840 (9.7.9.8);7840;R9V8L;HL78;HL78;HL78 - Southern Ocean (L); 899-8997-8999-7840-9VL9;9VL9;R9VL9;HL09|SAND;HL09;South Sandwich Trench/Southern Antilles;{5625S,2516W} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Lower Bathyal Provinces (Figure 7) Depth range 800 to 3000m. As has been noted, the bathyal is not that well known even today. Proposed biogeographic provinces and their approximate coverage include: 1. Arctic, including entire Arctic Ocean Basin and Norwegian-Greenland Sea in the east and to the Bering Strait in the west; 2. Northern North Atlantic, from the Iceland-Faroe Ridge in the north south along the Reykjanes Ridge, over the Newfoundland Seamounts and following the Western Boundary Undercurrent southward along the eastern slope of North America to off Cape Hatteras; 3. Northern North Pacific, along the Aleutian Ridge in the North through the Gulf of Alaska to approximately the Mathematicians Seamounts in the eastern Pacific and including the Emperor Seamounts and the area off Hokkaido in the west; 4. North Atlantic, extends southward along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from the Reykjanes Ridge to approximately the equator, and along the eastern and western margins of the North Atlantic Ocean including the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico; 5. Southeast Pacific Ridges, includes all the ridges and seamounts in the South Pacific Ocean to the west of the Nazca and Cocos Plate, reaching northward to about 2-8° S, west to about 165° W, and south to about 45° S where the influence of sinking Antarctic Intermediate Water will be felt; 6. New Zealand-Kermadec, plateaus around New Zealand and extending northward along the Kermadec and Lau Ridges almost to Tonga; 7. Cocos Plate, encompassing all the ridges and seamounts of the Cocos Plate; 8. Nazca Plate, suggested by Parin et al.(1997) to encompass the ridges of the Nazca Plate, defined to the south primarily by the Subtropical Convergence and southern limit of Antarctic Intermediate Water; 9. Antarctic, includes all of the continental slope and ridges extending outward from the continent that are inside the Antarctic Convergence; 10. Subantarctic, extends northward around the Southern Ocean, defined by the extent of 1 to 2.5 degree water formed between the Antarctic and Subtropical Convergences; 11. Indian, includes all of the Indian Ocean northward from the Antarctic Convergence, and extends eastward to include southern slopes of Australia to Tasmania (it is likely that this province will need to be subdivided based on at about 10° S because of changes in Intermediate Water from Antarctic Intermediate Water in the south to Red Sea – Persian Intermediate and Indonesian Intermediate Water in the north); 12. West Pacific, extends from 14-23° S northward to off Japan, west to the Indonesian Archipelago, and eastward to about 165-175° E; 13. South Atlantic, encompassing all of the South Atlantic from about the Equator to the Antarctic Convergence; 14. North Pacific, covering all of the northern Central Pacific from about the Equator northward to about 40° N, characterized by moderately low oxygen and particulate food values; --------------------------------------------------------------- Abyssal Provinces (Figure 8) Depth range 3500 to 6500 m. The abyssal provinces have been designated based on the deep basin(s) in which they occur. The scheme modifies that of Menzies et al. (1973) and Vinogradova (1997) based on newer data. 1. Arctic basin; includes the abyssal seafloor areas below the Arctic ice sheet; 2. North Atlantic; including all areas north of the equator under the influence of North Atlantic Deep water; 3. Brazil Basin; extending south from the hump of Brazil bordering the Romanche Fracture to Sao Paulo; 4. Angola and Sierra Leone Basins; to the west of the Congo Fan in the North and limited by the Walvis Ridge to the SE and including the Namibia abyssal plain; 5. Argentine Basin; from Rio de la Plata to the Falkland Escarpment in the south; 6. East Antarctic Indian, which includes the areas where very cold bottom water flows into Namibia, Cape, Agulhas, Natal, and Crozet and South Indian Basins and perhaps the Tasman Sea to about 170° E; it includes the Weddell, Enderby and Valdivia abyssal plains; 7. West Antarctic, includes the Amundsen and Bellinghausen abyssal Plains in the region from the Ross Sea to the Antarctic Peninsula and north to the Antarctic- Pacific Ridge and the Southeast Pacific Basin; 8. Indian, including all the basins north of approximately 30° S (this region is not well studied and some parts of this province may have species following the Antarctic Bottom Water northward - includes Agulhas, Mozambique, Madagascar, Somalia, Arabian, Mid-Indian, Cocos, Perth, North Australian, S Australian and Tasman abyssal plains/basins); 9. East Pacific Basins, Chile-Peru-Guatemala Basins, also includes the smaller Panama Basin and other minor deep areas east of the East Pacific Rise off Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula and north of the Chile Rise, and extending under the oxygen minimum zone of the western North American slope; 10. South Pacific, 11. Central Pacific, 12. Lower North Pacific (North Central Pacific) 13. Upper North Pacific, encompassing the entire Pacific from the Antarctic and East Pacific Ridges in the south-east to the Aleutian Ridge in the north and all of the abyssal depths in the central and western Pacific (divided into Provinces from north to south based on projections of food delivery from the photic zone as well as general decline in dissolved oxygen from south to north); 14. West Pacific Basins, encompassing South China, Sulu, and Celebes Basins, and possibly the Banda Sea, which for the most part are isolated from each other and the wider circulation of the deep Pacific. --------------------------------------------------------------- Hadal Provinces (Figure 9) world ocean (>6500 m). No changes are made to the scheme presented by Belyaev (1989). Some trenches, such as the Middle America Trench and the Chagos Trench, are not sufficiently deep and isolated from the surrounding abyssal sea floor to have developed their own Ultra-abyssal fauna. Pacific Ocean Subregion: 1. Aleutian-Japan Province (Aleutian, Kuril-Kamchatka, Japan, Izu Ozigawara Trenches); 2. Philippine Province (Philippine and Ryukyu Trenches); 3. Mariana Province (Volcano, Mariana, Yap and Palau Trenches); 4. Bougainville-New Hebrides Province (New Britain, Bougainville, Santa Cruz, and New Hebrides Trenches); 5. Tonga-Kermadec Province, (Tonga, Kermadec trenches and two trenches NW of the West Fiji Basin); 6. Peru-Chile Province (Peru-Chile Trench). Indian Subregion: 7. Java Province (Java Trench). Atlantic Subregion: 8. Puerto Rico Province (Puerto Rico and Cayman Trenches); 9. Romanche Province (the Romanche Trench in the equatorial Atlantic). Antarctic-Atlantic Subregion: 10. Southern Antilles Province (South Sandwich Trench to the east of the South Sandwich Islands). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hydrothermal Vent Provinces (Figure 10) - at 2000 m and 800-3500 m bathymetry. Hydrothermal vent provinces superimposed on temperature at 2000 m and 800-3500 m bathymetry. The scheme below follows that of Van Dover et al. (2002), updated by Van Dover (unpublished). The hypothesized provinces and their relationships are indicated in the figure by dashed lines coloured according to the ridge system on which they occur. Pacific Ocean 1. East Pacific Rise encompassing all of the East Pacific Ridge from about the Challenger Fracture Zone to the ridges surrounding the Cocos Plate; 2. South East Pacific Ridges including the southern section of the East Pacific Rise, the Chile Rise and the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge; 3. Western Pacific Back-Arc spreading centers, including all of the ridges on the western edge of the Pacific Plate as well as around the small plates in the region; 4. Northeast Pacific encompassing the ridges of the Juan de Fuca Plate. Atlantic Ocean 5. Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) North in the region from 15° to 30° N, could be extrapolated to include the MAR south to the Equator 6. Azores includes the part of the MAR in the region of the Azores; it is not known whether this province extends north to Iceland because of the deepening of the ridge or whether the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Province exists in this deeper area north of the shallower Azores Province. 7. Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) South hypothesized province, but no data currently exist. Arctic Ocean 8. Arctic including the Mohns Ridge north of Iceland and the various vent sites in the Arctic Basin. Southern Ocean 9. East Scotia Ridge hypothesized province, data not yet available. Indian Ocean 10. Central Indian Ridge encompasses the region where the Mid-Indian, Southwest Indian, and Southeast Indian Ridges meet. It is likely the fauna of this province extends to varying degrees along each of the two southward trending ridges, and that some part of each ridge may belong to its own province. The extent to which other ridges, such as the aseismic Ninety-East Ridge, has any vent activity is not known at this time. *** The gap between GOODS and MEOW in the 200-300 m depth contour be addressed